Dmanisi

The remains belonging to numerous individuals from Dmanisi are about 1.8 million years old. It was previously assumed that the migration of Homo erectus out of Africa began with the development of the necessary prerequisites for spreading across a large area outside of Africa - for example, longer legs (compared to their australopithecine predecessors), more complex technology that included large, sophisticated stone axes, and complex communication that helped in cooperative hunting.

However, the findings from Dmanisi, the first emigrants from Africa, of the Homo erectus species, indicate one major change in the structure of the body - the ratio of the length of the upper and lower limbs changes compared to Australopithecines. The remains from Dmanisi, like other contemporaneous remains of Homo erectus in Africa, have relatively longer legs compared to arms, although these legs are not necessarily significantly longer than those of australopithecines.