Magnetism
The magnetic properties of minerals are used in the method of mineral beneficiation through magnetic separation, i.e., separating magnetic minerals (mainly iron and manganese ores but also titanium and zirconium ores) from non-magnetic materials (waste rock).
Magnetic properties of minerals are also used in geophysical exploration of ore deposits, where measurements with a magnetometer can locate ore bodies, detect differences in rock types, and identify areas with specific magnetic properties.
The magnetic properties of minerals are also used in reconstructing Earth's history. Namely, if we consider that the direction of a mineral's magnetic field at the time of its formation was determined by Earth's magnetic field, we can establish the positions of certain parts of the Earth's crust during specific geological periods.